Physics - Sciene

   Many applications  in industry,  depends on dissimilar material joints.Due to the difference in chemical, mechanical and thermal behaviors of materials,  the joining of dissimilar materials presents a challenges, significantly different than similar materials joining ^[1]. Bonding as a subdivision of both solid-state and liquid-phase welding, is a joining process wherein the principal mechanism is interdiffusion of atoms across the interface.

The aim of this research is simulate an optical system for the human eye using Genetic algorithm. The considered optical characteristics of the optical system simulator include spot size (Z), spot diagram, and effective focal length (EFL). These characteristics are determined with the aid of some mathematical relations, which give the efficiency and accuracy of the adopted optical system design. The work has been performed in two stages:  

This project investigates the detection and evaluation of imperfections in internal structures of castings and welded joints by x-ray radiography. Optimum radiography conditions that lead to clear and high