Construction and study of new polymeric membrane electrodes for clarithromycin determination

       This piece of research includes constructing and characterizing two kinds of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on PVC matrix membrane.First, four ion-selective electrodes for clarithromycin (CLM) which based on clarithromycin-tetraphenylborate (CLM-TPB) ion-pair complex as the electro-active materials were prepared. Second, four ion-selective electrodes for clarithromycin which based on using clarithromycintetraiodomercurate (CLM-TIM) ion-pair complex as the electro-active materials were also prepared. In both kinds of ISEs, some of the selected plasticizers were employed such as; Di-octyl phthalate (DOP), Di-butyl phosphate (DBP), Acetophenone (AP) and Di-butyl phthalate (DBPH) in PVC matrix.This thesis has mainly been structured in three different chapters,each one containing the following information:Chapter one provides a short historical review with the analytical performance characteristics of ISEs are described. The applications of ISEs in pharmaceutical and clarithromycin analyses are well-arranged in tables and the general and specific objectives of thesis are reported.Chapter two corresponds to the experimental part. Reagents,instruments, procedures and detail protocols for the preparation of two kinds of ISEs used in this study are reported.Chapter three contains the experimental results and discussion that lead to the possibility of successful applications the constructed ISEs in pharmaceuticals preparation and clarithromycin measurements. It is reporting the construction of two kinds of clarithromycin ISE;  The first kind ISEs were: CLM-TPB+DOP (E1), CLM-TPB+DBP
(E2), CLM-TPB+AP (E3) and CLM-TPB+DBPH (E4), give the linear range from (1×10-5-1×10-3, 1×10-5-1×10-3, 5×10-5-1×10-31×10-3 M), the slopes of (51.206, 53.930, 58.104 and 58.484 mV/decade)
respectively, with detection limits of (8×10-6, 6×10-6, 2×10M), response time of 10-3 M (30, 35, 41 and 46 second) and the lifetime were about (24, 30, 12 and 20 days) respectively.The second, were: CLM-TIM+DOP (E5), CLM-TIM+DBP (E6),CLM-TIM+AP (E7) and CLM-TIM+DBPH (E8), give the linear range from (1×10 -5-1×10 -3, 5×10-5-1×10 -3, 5×10-5-1×10-3 and 1×10 M)the slopes of (48.445, 42.970, 52.692 and 49.442 mV/decade)respectively, with detection limits of (5×10-6, 5.5×10-5 and1.5×10-5 M), response time of 10-3 M (26, 32, 30 and 48 second) and the lifetime were about (28, 22, 16 and 25 days) respectively. The best electrode is (E4) used to determine the clarithromycin inpure and pharmaceuticals samples. The working pH for (E4) electrode  and 1×10-5-5 and 9×10-1×10, 5×10-3-5-5-was ranged from (1.5-6.5), the selectivity coefficients (KpotA,B) of ISEs for the CLM have been studied in the presence of interference ions (Na ,Mn+2, Cu+2, Fe+3, Al+3, sucrose and gelatin) by using separated solution and fixed interfering methods and the results was ranged from (4.28×10 8.82×10-5), which revealed that there was no effect of the interferences on the determination of CLM in tablets by using the constructed ISE.Therefore the ISE (E4) gave a good electrochemical characterization among the others and it has been used successfully for the determination of clarithromycin in the Claricide tablets using different potentiometric +, K+-2methods.